Visa Inc.
Visa Inc.’s revenue for fiscal 2025 (year ended September 2025) was $40.0 billion, up 11.3% from fiscal 2024. Member of the S&P 500 and Dow Jones; dividend growth for ten consecutive years, revenue growth for five.
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Visa Inc. (V) Beneish M-score
Visa Inc.'s Beneish M-score for fiscal 2025 cannot be worked out: not meaningful for banks, insurers and REITs.
Beneish M-score, annual
Annual newest first
| Period | Beneish M-score | Change (points) |
|---|
How fiscal 2025’s score is made up
| Component | This year | Year before | Result | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Days’ sales in receivables index | 0.94 | — | 0.86 | |
| Gross margin index | 1.00 | — | 0.53 | |
| Asset quality index | 0.96 | — | 0.39 | |
| Sales growth index | 1.11 | — | 0.99 | |
| Depreciation index | 0.95 | — | 0.11 | |
| SG&A index | 1.01 | — | −0.17 | |
| Total accruals to total assets | (0.03) | — | −0.14 | |
| Leverage index | 1.09 | — | −0.36 | |
| Beneish M-score | n/a — not meaningful for banks, insurers and REITs | — | ||
How the Beneish M-score works
M = −4.84 + 0.920 × DSRI + 0.528 × GMI + 0.404 × AQI + 0.892 × SGI + 0.115 × DEPI − 0.172 × SGAI + 4.679 × TATA − 0.327 × LVGI (Beneish, 1999): eight changes in the accounts from one fiscal year to the next, which the model weighs for the pattern seen in companies that later restated their earnings. Higher is worse.
| below −2.22 | Low — no pattern the model associates with manipulation |
|---|---|
| −2.22 to −1.78 | Elevated |
| above −1.78 | Flagged by the model |
−1.78 is the cut-off usually quoted from the paper, −2.22 a common conservative one. A statistical screen, not a finding of wrongdoing.
When asset quality, depreciation or SG&A cannot be worked out, that index is set to 1, as Beneish did, and the breakdown says so; with all three missing there is no score. Depreciation includes amortisation, and asset quality leaves out securities. Not worked out for banks, insurers and REITs.
Beneish M-score against peers
| Company | Beneish M-score |
|---|---|
| AXP American Express Company compare | — |
| ALLY Ally Financial Inc. compare | — |
| AFRM Affirm Holdings, Inc. compare | — |
| V Visa Inc. | — |
| PYPL PayPal Holdings, Inc. compare | — |
| SOFI SoFi Technologies, Inc. compare | — |
| SYF Synchrony Financial compare | — |
| MA Mastercard Incorporated compare | — |
| COF Capital One Financial Corporation compare | — |
What Beneish M-score is
The Beneish M-Score combines eight year-on-year changes in the accounts into a statistical screen for patterns seen in companies that overstated earnings.
−4.84 + 0.920 × DSRI + 0.528 × GMI + 0.404 × AQI + 0.892 × SGI + 0.115 × DEPI − 0.172 × SGAI + 4.679 × TATA − 0.327 × LVGI
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