Cooper-Standard Holdings Inc. CPS

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Ten years worth of data (where available), most important trends and XLS exports are available for our Powerpack users.

A Cash Flow Statement is a financial report that details the cash inflows and outflows of a company over a specific period. It is divided into three sections: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. This statement helps assess the company’s liquidity, solvency, and overall financial health. By tracking cash movements, it provides insights into the company's ability to generate cash to fund operations, pay debts, and invest in growth. Businesses and investors use it to evaluate the sustainability of a company's cash flow and its financial stability.

Mar '16 Jun '16 Sep '16 Dec '16 Mar '17 Jun '17 Sep '17 Dec '17 Mar '18 Jun '18 Sep '18 Dec '18 Mar '19 Jun '19 Sep '19 Dec '19 Mar '20 Jun '20 Sep '20 Dec '20 Mar '21 Jun '21 Sep '21 Dec '21 Mar '22 Jun '22 Sep '22 Dec '22 Mar '23 Jun '23 Sep '23 Dec '23 Mar '24 Jun '24 Sep '24 Dec '24 Mar '25 Jun '25 Sep '25 Dec '25 Mar '26 Jun '26
Net Income 122.18 125.89 130.01 140.44 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Depreciation & Amortization 118.03 118.83 120.85 122.66 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Non Cash Items (Other) 19.65 25.36 24.81 36.23 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Accounts Receivable Change (140.84) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Change in inventories (11.44) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Accounts Payable Change 178.04 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Change in payables and accrued liability 69.42 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Income tax paid ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Change in other assets and liabilities (29.39) (18.68) (12.00) (15.60) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Other operating activities 0.57 0.85 1.99 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Operating Cash Flow 307.84 329.02 342.46 365.47 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Capital expenditures (172.41) (153.94) (158.08) (164.37) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Net Aquisitions 20.53 30.48 (3.98) (37.48) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Other investing activities 0.16 8.46 8.65 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Investing cash flow (151.11) (127.60) (153.60) (198.27) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Repayment/Issuance of Debt (Net) (13.55) (18.85) (20.54) (27.11) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Equity Repurchase (Common, Net) (18.91) (14.11) (20.56) (20.99) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Other financial activities (2.43) (30.48) (12.26) (14.82) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Financing cash flow (30.26) (63.45) (53.36) (62.92) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Exchange Rate Adjustment (7.82) (3.24) (7.05) (0.67) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Change in Cash 118.64 134.74 128.45 103.62 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Beginning Cash 378.24 378.24 378.24 379.36 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Ending Cash 496.89 512.98 506.69 482.98 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Stock Based Compensation 15.76 19.90 24.14 24.03 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Dividends Paid (Common) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡ ‡‡‡
Assets Liabilities Change (Total) 47.40 58.11 64.79 66.15 ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡
Issuance/Purchase of Shares (18.91) (14.11) (20.56) (20.99) ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡ ‡‡‡‡‡